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Abstract(s)
O presente trabalho aborda um sistema de armazenamento de hidrogénio gasoso comprimido em macro esferas, um conceito criado e patenteado por Stenmark. O principal objetivo passa por desenvolver um modelo matemático que permita calcular o caudal de fugas, por permeação, deste sistema de armazenamento tendo em conta os materiais utilizados na conceção das esferas e do reservatório, quando o veículo se encontra confinado numa garagem. Posteriormente, o valor obtido será comparado com a taxa máxima de infiltrações permitida, que é estabelecida pela Comissão Europeia, presente no regulamento relativo à homologação de veículos a motor movidos a hidrogénio, a fim de mitigar o risco de acumulação de hidrogénio em concentrações que podem levar a uma explosão ou incêndio espontâneo. A revisão bibliográfica apresenta: visão e análise do estado atual do mundo no que diz respeito à sustentabilidade no transporte; apresentação das principais características e propriedades do hidrogénio; a utilização do hidrogénio como combustível e algumas considerações de segurança; métodos de armazenamento de hidrogénio; o fenómeno da permeação de hidrogénio. Após a obtenção dos resultados é possível concluir que sistemas de armazenamento de esferas com forro e reservatório constituídos por Al 5050-H38 possuem as melhores características no que diz respeito à permeação de hidrogénio, apresentando menores níveis de concentração do gás em espaços confinados e a menor taxa de permeação de hidrogénio, de entre todos os materiais considerados. Este tipo sistema de armazenamento, comparado com sistemas do estado de arte, apresenta valores de energia por unidade de massa até 49% superiores (2,98 kWh·kg-1 ), redução da massa do sistema até 54% (42,8 kg) e valores de energia por unidade de volume 54% a 71% inferiores (0,63 a 0,39 kWh·L-1 ).
This work studies a storage system for compressed gaseous hydrogen, in macrospheres, a concept created and patented by Stenmark. The main goal is to develop a method of calculation that allows to assess the leakage flow rate of hydrogen through permeation of this storage system when the vehicle is confined, taking into account the materials used in the design of the spheres and the tank. After that, the value obtained will be compared with the maximum flow rate established by the European Commission, present in the regulation of hydrogen powered motor vehicles, in order to mitigate the risk of hydrogen accumulation that may lead to a spontaneous explosion or fire. The bibliographic review presents: vision and analysis of the current state of the world’s sustainability in transport; presentation of the main characteristics and properties of hydrogen; the use of hydrogen as a fuel and safety considerations; hydrogen storage methods; hydrogen permeation. After obtaining the results, it is possible to conclude that storage systems with spheres’ liner and tank made of Al 5050-H38 have the best characteristics regarding hydrogen permeation, presenting lower levels of hydrogen concentration in confined spaces and the lower hydrogen permeation rate, among all materials considered. This type of storage system, compared to state-of-the-art systems, presents gravimetric energy density up to 49% higher (2,98 kWh·kg-1 ), reduction in system mass up to 54% (42,8 kg) and 54% to 71% lower volumetric energy density (0,63 to 0,39 kWh·L-1 ).
This work studies a storage system for compressed gaseous hydrogen, in macrospheres, a concept created and patented by Stenmark. The main goal is to develop a method of calculation that allows to assess the leakage flow rate of hydrogen through permeation of this storage system when the vehicle is confined, taking into account the materials used in the design of the spheres and the tank. After that, the value obtained will be compared with the maximum flow rate established by the European Commission, present in the regulation of hydrogen powered motor vehicles, in order to mitigate the risk of hydrogen accumulation that may lead to a spontaneous explosion or fire. The bibliographic review presents: vision and analysis of the current state of the world’s sustainability in transport; presentation of the main characteristics and properties of hydrogen; the use of hydrogen as a fuel and safety considerations; hydrogen storage methods; hydrogen permeation. After obtaining the results, it is possible to conclude that storage systems with spheres’ liner and tank made of Al 5050-H38 have the best characteristics regarding hydrogen permeation, presenting lower levels of hydrogen concentration in confined spaces and the lower hydrogen permeation rate, among all materials considered. This type of storage system, compared to state-of-the-art systems, presents gravimetric energy density up to 49% higher (2,98 kWh·kg-1 ), reduction in system mass up to 54% (42,8 kg) and 54% to 71% lower volumetric energy density (0,63 to 0,39 kWh·L-1 ).
Description
Keywords
Hidrogénio Armazenamento de hidrogénio Permeação de hidrogénio Sustentabilidade no transporte Hydrogen Hydrogen storage Hydrogen permeation Sustainability in transport