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Abstract(s)
O panorama energético tem vindo a evoluir nas últimas décadas,
apresentando cada vez mais uma maior componente de produção
através de fontes de energias renováveis, e mesmo tempo, os custos de
energia elétrica para o consumidor têm atingindo preços máximos
históricos.
A presente dissertação foca-se no cálculo do custo nivelado de
energia (LCOE) para a energia fotovoltaica por diferentes métodos e para
diferentes países, de modo a entender como este pode variar em
diferentes localizações. Para o efeito, procedeu-se ao dimensionamento
de um sistema fotovoltaico, que será aplicado a cada localização para
efetuar a análise com base na mesma tipologia de unidade.
Parâmetros como a irradiação solar ou o Fator de Capacidade (CF)
têm grande impacto na produção da unidade fotovoltaica, que irá afetar o
LCOE. A taxa de desconto aplicada também pode ser decisiva na
viabilidade da instalação de determinada unidade, pelo que se deve
procurar o valor mínimo para a taxa de desconto que está diretamente
relacionada com a taxa de juro de financiamento para este tipo de
projetos. O custo evitado nivelado de energia (LACE) reforça a posição
do LCOE, relacionado as possíveis novas unidades a instalar com as
condições existentes da rede elétrica dentro de uma localização,
permitindo assim concluir se é benéfica a sua implementação.
No fim, após análise dos resultados obtidos e respetiva
comparação dos mesmos, verifica-se que nem sempre é benéfico a
instalação de uma nova unidade de geração, apesar de se obter menor
LCOE com a instalação de uma nova unidade comparativamente com
outras unidades existentes, isto porque o rácio do LACE pelo LCOE pode
não ser positivo. Para o caso de estudo aplicado na Alemanha utilizando
o LCOE mais elevado dessa localização, embora menor que o custo do
mercado de distribuição e significando assim que estaria em paridade
com a rede, a sua instalação não seria benéfica pois é obtido um valor de
LACE inferior tendo em conta o preço marginal de energia naquela
localização. Para as restantes localizações estudadas seria benéfica a
instalação de unidades de geração de energia elétrica desta tipologia.
In the last decades the energy landcape has changed, increasingly featuring a greater proportion of production through renewable energy sources, and at the same time, the electricity costs have reached historic highs. This dissertation focuses on the calculating of levelised cost of energy (LCOE) for photovoltaic using different methods and for different countries, in order to understand how it can vary in different locations. To this end, a photovoltaic system was been designed, which will be applied to each location to do the analysis based on the same unit type. Parameters such as the solar radiation or the capacity factor (CF) have a significant impact on the production of the photovoltaic unit, which will affect the LCOE. The discount rate applied in the LCOE calculation can be decisive for the feasibility of installing a specific unit in certain location, therefore should be seek the minimum value for the discount rate, which is directly related to the interest rate for these types of projects. The levelized avoided cost of energy (LACE) reinforces the position of the LCOE, relating it to the potential new units to be installed with the existing conditions of the grid, thus allowing to conclude whether its implementation is beneficial. In the end, after analyzing the results and comparing them, it is verified that the installation of a new generation unit is not always beneficial, even if a lower LCOE is achieved with the installation of a new unit compared to other existing units, because the ratio of LACE to LCOE may not be positive. Applied the case study in Germany, using the higher LCOE at that location, although lower than the cost of the distribution market and thus meaning that it would be on grid parity, its installation would not be beneficial because a lower LACE value is obtained, taking into account the marginal energy price in that location. For the others studied locations, the installation of this kind of electricity generation units would be beneficial.
In the last decades the energy landcape has changed, increasingly featuring a greater proportion of production through renewable energy sources, and at the same time, the electricity costs have reached historic highs. This dissertation focuses on the calculating of levelised cost of energy (LCOE) for photovoltaic using different methods and for different countries, in order to understand how it can vary in different locations. To this end, a photovoltaic system was been designed, which will be applied to each location to do the analysis based on the same unit type. Parameters such as the solar radiation or the capacity factor (CF) have a significant impact on the production of the photovoltaic unit, which will affect the LCOE. The discount rate applied in the LCOE calculation can be decisive for the feasibility of installing a specific unit in certain location, therefore should be seek the minimum value for the discount rate, which is directly related to the interest rate for these types of projects. The levelized avoided cost of energy (LACE) reinforces the position of the LCOE, relating it to the potential new units to be installed with the existing conditions of the grid, thus allowing to conclude whether its implementation is beneficial. In the end, after analyzing the results and comparing them, it is verified that the installation of a new generation unit is not always beneficial, even if a lower LCOE is achieved with the installation of a new unit compared to other existing units, because the ratio of LACE to LCOE may not be positive. Applied the case study in Germany, using the higher LCOE at that location, although lower than the cost of the distribution market and thus meaning that it would be on grid parity, its installation would not be beneficial because a lower LACE value is obtained, taking into account the marginal energy price in that location. For the others studied locations, the installation of this kind of electricity generation units would be beneficial.
Description
Keywords
Photovoltaic Power generation Location impact LCOE Grid Parity