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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
As alterações climáticas e a emissão de Gases com Efeito de Estufa (GEE) estão na ordem do dia e assumem uma importância a nível global, dado terem implicações graves em todo o planeta, afetando atualmente milhões de pessoas e comprometendo o futuro das próximas gerações. É, portanto, urgente mitigar as mesmas tomando medidas a nível de eficiência energética, reduzindo consumos de eletricidade e visando a descarbonização das economias mundiais. Inserido no Programa Horizonte 2020 (designadamente no Programa LIFE), a Força Aérea realizou um estudo sobre eficiência energética na infraestrutura aeronáutica de uma Unidade da Força Aérea. Importa, agora, identificar qual o impacto que a iluminação mais eficiente (LED) terá em termos de geração de Energia Reativa, quando associada à já conhecida tendência da Unidade de fornecer Energia Reativa à Rede de Distribuição, designadamente em termos de qualidade e custo. [1] A dissertação proposta tem por finalidade (identificando a temática nos domínios científico e académico), produzir um trabalho científico, tendo como domínio uma instalação elétrica de uma Unidade da Força Aérea, em anel, para o estudo da energia reativa, capacitiva. O trabalho de dissertação foi realizado no Aeródromo de Manobra N.º 1 (AM1) da Força Aérea, localizado em Maceda – Ovar, 30 km a Sul da cidade do Porto. Dos treze Postos de Transformação (PT’s) existentes no local, após levantamento de dados e verificação in loco, constatou-se que dois deles estavam fora de serviço e outros dois não tinham qualquer transformador de potência. Num dos PT’s, o PT n.º 6, com dois transformadores de potência, o de 300 kVA estava fora de serviço. Assim, foram então efetuadas várias análises aos PT’s existentes e em serviço, num total de nove, e à subestação, tendo sido utilizados dois analisadores de rede e qualidade da energia da marca FLUKE. Foram obtidos e registados os diversos parâmetros elétricos, nomeadamente, tensão, corrente, frequência, potências ativa e reativa, indutiva e capacitiva, potência aparente, energia ativa e reativa, fator de potência, cos φ, taxa de distorção harmónica total em tensão e corrente. Registaram-se também parâmetros da qualidade, nomeadamente, Cavas, Interrupções e Sobretensões. As faturas de energia elétrica foram disponibilizadas para verificação dos consumos de energia reativa indutiva e capacitiva, antes e após a substituição da Iluminação Interior e Exterior (Pública) de luminárias antigas por novas luminárias com lâmpadas LED. Concluiu-se que houve de facto um incremento no valor da energia reativa capacitiva e geração de harmónicas, pelo que foi estudado e analisado o estado da arte relativamente às novas tecnologias, tendo-se concluído que a solução passaria pela implementação de filtros ativos. O investimento é elevado, mas o prazo de amortização é razoável. A solução permitirá, assim, contribuir para uma melhor eficiência energética e para mitigar as Alterações Climáticas, a emissão de GEE e a descarbonização.
Climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are in the spotlight as they are widely discussed and reported and they assume importance around the globe due to having serious implications to the planet, affecting millions of people and putting the future of the subsequent generations in danger. Therefore, the mitigation of the latter is urgent which requires actions to improve the energetic efficiency, reduce electricity consumption and target the decarbonization of the world’s economies. Thereby, considering the “Horizonte 2020” Programme (specifically the LIFE Programme), the Portuguese Air Force carried out a study about the energetic efficiency of the aeronautic infrastructure in a Portuguese Air Force Base. In this matter, the importance to evaluate the impact created by the most efficient lighting (LED) in terms of Reactive Power generation when gathered with the known tendency of the facility to supply Reactive Power to the distribution network, namely concerning quality and cost. The main goal of this dissertation was to produce scientific work by framing the subject in scientific and academic domains and having an electrical installation of a Portuguese Air Force Base as a reference to study reactive power, capacitive. The work with in this dissertation has been done at Airbase of Maneuvering Nº1 (AM1) of Portuguese Air Force, in Maceda – Ovar, 30 km south of the city of Porto. Upon collecting all the required data in several detailed visits to the premises: of the thirteen existing PTs, two were out-of-service and another two were completely off without any of the power transformer installed. The PT nº 6 had two power transformers but the one with nominal power of 300 kVA was out-of-service. Therefore, several analyses were done in all the on-line existent PTs, in a total of nine, plus the sub-station. The two power quality and network analysers used in these analyses were from the FLUKE brand. With these analyses there were obtained and registered several quality parameters including swells, interruptions, overvoltages occurrences. The electric energy bill invoices were also provided to improve analyses data and to allow matching the consumptions of reactive energy (inductive and capacitive), before and after the replacement of lighting, interior and exterior (public) old luminaires by new LED luminaires. In conclusion, there was, in fact, an increase to the values of capacitive reactive energy and harmonics generation, thereby, it was studied and analysed the state of the art technologies in this field to be concluded that the solution would be the implementation of active filters. The investment is considerable but the payback is reasonable. The solution will edge the electrical efficiency within the premises and the mitigation of climate change, green house gases and CO2 reduction.
Climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are in the spotlight as they are widely discussed and reported and they assume importance around the globe due to having serious implications to the planet, affecting millions of people and putting the future of the subsequent generations in danger. Therefore, the mitigation of the latter is urgent which requires actions to improve the energetic efficiency, reduce electricity consumption and target the decarbonization of the world’s economies. Thereby, considering the “Horizonte 2020” Programme (specifically the LIFE Programme), the Portuguese Air Force carried out a study about the energetic efficiency of the aeronautic infrastructure in a Portuguese Air Force Base. In this matter, the importance to evaluate the impact created by the most efficient lighting (LED) in terms of Reactive Power generation when gathered with the known tendency of the facility to supply Reactive Power to the distribution network, namely concerning quality and cost. The main goal of this dissertation was to produce scientific work by framing the subject in scientific and academic domains and having an electrical installation of a Portuguese Air Force Base as a reference to study reactive power, capacitive. The work with in this dissertation has been done at Airbase of Maneuvering Nº1 (AM1) of Portuguese Air Force, in Maceda – Ovar, 30 km south of the city of Porto. Upon collecting all the required data in several detailed visits to the premises: of the thirteen existing PTs, two were out-of-service and another two were completely off without any of the power transformer installed. The PT nº 6 had two power transformers but the one with nominal power of 300 kVA was out-of-service. Therefore, several analyses were done in all the on-line existent PTs, in a total of nine, plus the sub-station. The two power quality and network analysers used in these analyses were from the FLUKE brand. With these analyses there were obtained and registered several quality parameters including swells, interruptions, overvoltages occurrences. The electric energy bill invoices were also provided to improve analyses data and to allow matching the consumptions of reactive energy (inductive and capacitive), before and after the replacement of lighting, interior and exterior (public) old luminaires by new LED luminaires. In conclusion, there was, in fact, an increase to the values of capacitive reactive energy and harmonics generation, thereby, it was studied and analysed the state of the art technologies in this field to be concluded that the solution would be the implementation of active filters. The investment is considerable but the payback is reasonable. The solution will edge the electrical efficiency within the premises and the mitigation of climate change, green house gases and CO2 reduction.
Description
Keywords
Impacto da iluminação LED na geração de Energia Reativa Componentes Harmónicas Mitigação das Alterações Climáticas Eficiência Energética Filtros Ativos LED lighting impact in the generation of reactive energy Harmonic components Mitigation of the climate change Electrical efficiency Active filters