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Projeto de linhas elétricas de média, alta e muito alta tensão
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A presente dissertação insere‐se na temática do desenvolvimento de projetos de linhas elétricas
aéreas destinadas à transmissão de energia em média, alta e muito alta tensão. Estas infraestruturas
desempenham um papel importante na modernização e resiliência do Sistema Elétrico de
Energia (SEE), assegurando a interligação entre os centros de produção e os pontos de consumo.
Paralelamente, contribuem para a continuidade e qualidade do fornecimento, para a redução de
perdas e para a integração de fontes de energia renovável, em conformidade com as metas do
Plano Nacional de Energia e Clima 2030 (PNEC 2030) e do Roteiro para a Neutralidade Carbónica
2050 (RNC 2050). A sua operação e manutenção, incluindo a reabilitação de troços envelhecidos
e a execução de inspeções regulares, constituem fatores determinantes para garantir a fiabilidade
e a sustentabilidade destas infraestruturas ao longo do seu ciclo de vida.
Este trabalho procede, inicialmente, à análise das linhas aéreas de transporte e distribuição
no Sistema Elétrico Português, evidenciando a sua relevância para a integração de fontes
de energia renovável e para o cumprimento das metas estabelecidas no PNEC 2030 e no
RNC 2050, com foco nos desafios de planeamento associados à acomodação de fontes de geração
intermitentes. Seguidamente, é analisada a conceção dos componentes das linhas elétricas
aéreas, como condutores, cadeias de isoladores, sistemas de aterramento, cabos de guarda,
apoios e fundações, concebidos em conformidade com as normas técnicas aplicáveis. São
também integrados dispositivos de proteção ambiental, sistemas de sinalização aeronáutica e
mecanismos de proteção à avifauna, garantindo a sustentabilidade e a minimização dos impactos
ambientais.
A dissertação descreve as fases de desenvolvimento do projeto de linhas elétricas aéreas, desde
os estudos preliminares para avaliar a viabilidade técnica, económica e ambiental, até à análise
das condicionantes legais, ambientais e urbanísticas que orientam a definição de um traçado
otimizado, conciliando eficiência técnica e minimização de impactos. Este processo inclui, ainda,
a definição do traçado final, a elaboração do projeto de licenciamento, a construção e eventuais
retificações.
No domínio do dimensionamento elétrico e mecânico, foram abordados os cálculos fundamentais
ao projeto de linhas aéreas, incluindo metodologias de análise que garantem a coerência
entre as exigências regulamentares e o desempenho técnico das infraestruturas. Para suportar
este dimensionamento, recorreu‐se a ferramentas computacionais especializadas, como o PLSCADD
e o CLINHAS que foram empregues na modelação mecânico estrutural das linhas aéreas,
permitindo a verificação das distâncias de segurança, a validação da estabilidade estrutural, a análise
de tensões sob diferentes condições de carga e a otimização do posicionamento dos apoios.
No domínio da análise elétrica, foi desenvolvida a aplicação PowerFlowCalc, implementada em
Microsoft Excel com recurso a Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), destinada à automatização do
cálculo de parâmetros elétricos, análise do trânsito de potência, à determinação da ampacidade
e à modelação dos campos elétricos e magnéticos, colmatando a lacuna existente no tratamento
de linhas simples e duplas com feixes até quatro condutores por fase. A validação da metodologia e da ferramenta desenvolvida é demonstrada através da sua
aplicação integral em dois estudos de caso representativos, nomeadamente o projeto de uma
linha de distribuição de 60 kV em circuito duplo e o de uma linha de transporte de 400 kV
com dois condutores por feixe. Ambos os projetos foram desenvolvidos integralmente no
âmbito deste trabalho, sem recurso a adaptações de iniciativas pré‐existentes, abrangendo
o dimensionamento elétrico e mecânico, assim como, o estudo do trânsito de potências, o
cálculo dos campos eletromagnéticos, a análise das trações nos condutores e a verificação do
comportamento da cadeias de isoladores e da estabilidade dos apoios. O processo valida a
conformidade dos projetos com os requisitos normativos e os limites de exposição aplicáveis,
evidenciando a metodologia proposta e a aplicabilidade prática do trabalho desenvolvido.
A investigação foi conduzida com base num enquadramento regulamentar abrangente, no qual
se destacam como principais referências o Regulamento de Segurança de Linhas Elétricas de Alta
Tensão (RSLEAT) e a norma europeia EN 50341 (Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 1 kV),
bem como as especificações técnicas e normativos de projeto implementados pelas entidades
responsáveis pelas redes nacionais de distribuição e de transporte, entre os quais se salientam
os documentos normativos da E‐Redes e as especificações técnicas internas da Redes Energéticas
Nacionais (REN).
Esta dissertação consolida, assim, um referencial metodológico integrado, contribuindo de
forma significativa para a modernização e a resiliência da rede elétrica nacional, ao promover
a eficiência e a sustentabilidade no planeamento e execução de projetos de linhas elétricas.
The present dissertation is centered on the development of overhead power line projects for medium, high, and very high voltage power transmission. These infrastructures are crucial in the modernization and resilience of the Electric Power System (EPS), providing interconnection between production centers and points of consumption. Simultaneously, they help in the continuity and quality of supply, in the minimization of losses, and in the integration of renewable energy sources, in line with the objectives of the National Energy and Climate Plan 2030 (PNEC 2030) and the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050 (RNC 2050). Their operation and maintenance, such as rehabilitation of aged sections and execution of periodic inspections, are determining factors in the assurance of reliability and sustainability of these infrastructures throughout their life cycle. This work first examines the Portuguese Electricity System’s overhead transmission and distribution lines, their importance for the integration of renewable energy sources, and compliance with standards established in PNEC 2030 and RNC 2050, emphasizing the planning difficulties in integrating intermittent generation sources. Then, it examines the project design of overhead power line elements, such as conductors, insulator chains, grounding systems, guard cables, supports, and foundations, developed according to relevant technical standards. It also incorporates environmental protection devices, aeronautical signaling systems, and bird protection systems, all to provide sustainability and reduce environmental effects. The thesis outlines the different phases of the overhead power line project, starting with preliminary studies to assess technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. It then discusses the analysis of legal, environmental, and urban planning constraints that guide the definition of an optimized route, a balance between technical effectiveness and impact minimization. This process also includes defining the final route, developing the licensing project, the construction stage, and any necessary modifications. In the electrical and mechanical engineering realm of dimensioning, the foundations for calculations that are used when designing overhead lines were addressed, including analysis techniques that ensure regulatory requirements and technical performance of infrastructure go hand in hand. In order to maintain this dimensioning, sophisticated computer packages such as PLS‐CADD and CLINHAS were used for the mechanical‐structural modeling of overhead lines, allowing for the verification of safety distances, the structural stability check, stresses calculation for different load conditions, and the optimization of support points. In the field of electrical analysis, PowerFlowCalc software was developed and put in Microsoft Excel with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in order to automatically calculate electrical parameters, power flow, ampacities, and electrical and magnetic field models, where there was a lack in working with single and double lines that possess bundles of up to four conductors per phase. The methodology validation and the tool created are confirmed by its complete application in two representative case studies, which are the project of a 60 kV double‐circuit distribution line and a 400 kV transmission line with two conductors per bundle. Both projects were designed in their entirety within the framework of this work, without appealing to adaptations of previously existing works, addressing electrical and mechanical sizing, as well as power transit study, electromagnetic field calculation, traction analysis on conductors, and verification of the behavior of insulator chains and support stability. The process confirms the adherence of the projects to the regulatory requirements and exposure limits applicable to each case, pinpointing the proposed methodology and the practical feasibility of the work carried out. The study was carried out according to a global regulatory framework, where the primary references are the High Voltage Power Line Safety Regulation (RSLEAT) and the European standard EN 50341 Overhead electrical lines above AC 1 kV), and also the technical requirements and design standards adopted by the entities that operate the national distribution and transmission networks, of which the E‐Redes regulatory documents and REN’s internal technical specifications are highlighted. This dissertation therefore unifies a comprehensive methodological framework, playing an important role in the modernization and resilience of the national electricity grid by fostering efficiency and sustainability in power line project planning and implementation.
The present dissertation is centered on the development of overhead power line projects for medium, high, and very high voltage power transmission. These infrastructures are crucial in the modernization and resilience of the Electric Power System (EPS), providing interconnection between production centers and points of consumption. Simultaneously, they help in the continuity and quality of supply, in the minimization of losses, and in the integration of renewable energy sources, in line with the objectives of the National Energy and Climate Plan 2030 (PNEC 2030) and the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050 (RNC 2050). Their operation and maintenance, such as rehabilitation of aged sections and execution of periodic inspections, are determining factors in the assurance of reliability and sustainability of these infrastructures throughout their life cycle. This work first examines the Portuguese Electricity System’s overhead transmission and distribution lines, their importance for the integration of renewable energy sources, and compliance with standards established in PNEC 2030 and RNC 2050, emphasizing the planning difficulties in integrating intermittent generation sources. Then, it examines the project design of overhead power line elements, such as conductors, insulator chains, grounding systems, guard cables, supports, and foundations, developed according to relevant technical standards. It also incorporates environmental protection devices, aeronautical signaling systems, and bird protection systems, all to provide sustainability and reduce environmental effects. The thesis outlines the different phases of the overhead power line project, starting with preliminary studies to assess technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. It then discusses the analysis of legal, environmental, and urban planning constraints that guide the definition of an optimized route, a balance between technical effectiveness and impact minimization. This process also includes defining the final route, developing the licensing project, the construction stage, and any necessary modifications. In the electrical and mechanical engineering realm of dimensioning, the foundations for calculations that are used when designing overhead lines were addressed, including analysis techniques that ensure regulatory requirements and technical performance of infrastructure go hand in hand. In order to maintain this dimensioning, sophisticated computer packages such as PLS‐CADD and CLINHAS were used for the mechanical‐structural modeling of overhead lines, allowing for the verification of safety distances, the structural stability check, stresses calculation for different load conditions, and the optimization of support points. In the field of electrical analysis, PowerFlowCalc software was developed and put in Microsoft Excel with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in order to automatically calculate electrical parameters, power flow, ampacities, and electrical and magnetic field models, where there was a lack in working with single and double lines that possess bundles of up to four conductors per phase. The methodology validation and the tool created are confirmed by its complete application in two representative case studies, which are the project of a 60 kV double‐circuit distribution line and a 400 kV transmission line with two conductors per bundle. Both projects were designed in their entirety within the framework of this work, without appealing to adaptations of previously existing works, addressing electrical and mechanical sizing, as well as power transit study, electromagnetic field calculation, traction analysis on conductors, and verification of the behavior of insulator chains and support stability. The process confirms the adherence of the projects to the regulatory requirements and exposure limits applicable to each case, pinpointing the proposed methodology and the practical feasibility of the work carried out. The study was carried out according to a global regulatory framework, where the primary references are the High Voltage Power Line Safety Regulation (RSLEAT) and the European standard EN 50341 Overhead electrical lines above AC 1 kV), and also the technical requirements and design standards adopted by the entities that operate the national distribution and transmission networks, of which the E‐Redes regulatory documents and REN’s internal technical specifications are highlighted. This dissertation therefore unifies a comprehensive methodological framework, playing an important role in the modernization and resilience of the national electricity grid by fostering efficiency and sustainability in power line project planning and implementation.
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Keywords
Overhead Power Lines High Voltage Safety Regulation European Standards Power Line Components Linhas elétricas aéreas alta tensão Regulamento de segurança Normas europeias Componentes de linhas elétricas
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Without CC licence